History of Tourism
Tourism can be
recognized as long as people have travelled; the narrative of Marco Polo in the
13th century; the "grand tour" of the British aristocracy to Europe
in the 18th century; and the journeys of David Livingstone through Africa in
the 19th century are all examples of early tourism. Thomas Cook is popularly
regarded as the founder of inclusive tours with his use of a
chartered train in 1841 to transport tourists from Loughborough to
Leicester.
Before the 1950s,
tourism in Europe was mainly a domestic activity with some
international travel between countries, mainly within continental Europe. In
the period of recovery following World War II, a
combination of circumstances provided an impetus to international
travel. Among the important contributing factors were the
growing number of people in employment, the increase in real disposable incomes and available leisure
time, and changing social attitudes towards leisure and work. These factors combined
to stimulate the latent demand for foreign travel and holidays. The emergence of
specialist tour operators who organized inclusive holidays bypurchasing transport, accommodation,
and related services and selling these at a single price, brought foreign
holidays within the price-range of a new and growing group of consumers.
The "package" or "inclusive" tour democratized travel in
Europe; foreign holidays were no longer the preserve of the affluent and
socially
What is tourism?
Since the beginning of
time humans have traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisition of resources
(trade) were the early travel motivations. But the idea of travel for pleasure
or exploration soon emerged. Travel has always depended upon technology to
provide the means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers walked or rode
domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and the sail provided new
modes of transportation. Each improvement in technology increased individuals'
opportunities to travel. As roads were improved and governments stabilized,
interest in travel increased for education, sightseeing, and religious
purposes. One of the earliest travel guides was written by Pausanias, a Greek,
which was a 10 volume Guide to Greece, for Roman tourists in 170 A.D..
Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries that delivers a
travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, eating and
drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, activity
facilities and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups
traveling away from home. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) claims that
tourism is currently the worlds largest industry with annual revenues of over
$3 trillion dollars. Tourism provides over six million jobs in the United
States, making it the country's largest employer.
Definition of Tourism
Mathieson and Wall
(1982) created a good working definition of tourism as "the temporary movement of people to
destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities
undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created
to cater to their needs."
According to Macintosh
and Goeldner (1986) tourism is
"the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction
of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the
process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors."
Other terms of interest are:
Excurionist: Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24 hours (Macintosh
and Goeldner, 1986).
Foreign Tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in
which he/she usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours (Committee of
Statistical Experts of the League of Nations, 1937).
Travel: The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure
but not for commuting or traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner,
1986).
Visitor: Any person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has
his/her usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an
occupation remunerated from within the country visited (United Nations
Conference on International Travel and Tourism, 1963).
Transportation Systems
The type and
availability of transportation will determine travel destinations. The
development of accommodations were likewise determined by the development of
transportation systems. These systems are listed below.
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Dimensions of Tourism
All tourism activities
are related to one or more of the following dimensions of tourism.
Attractions: Are the primary motivation for traveling. They may
be a primary destination such as Disney World or secondary
destination which are interesting
places to visit on the way to your primary destination. Most tourist traveling
from the east to go to Las Vegas will stopover at the Grand Canyon national
Park on the way. Attractions usually focus on natural resources, culture,
ethnicity or entertainment.
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Facilities: When tourists arrive
at attractions they require facilities to provide services.
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Lodging: Represent a variety of services from
campgrounds, RV parks, motels and five star resorts.
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Food & Beverage: Not
only provide basic sustenance for tourists but an important factor in the
overall tourism experience.
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Support Services:
Usually are represented by small retail businesses providing souvenirs and
personal services. Shopping is an integral part of the travel experience.
Tourists seek unique and novel items which represent the area and cultures
they visit.
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Infrastructure: The basic services on which all tourism
depends. These systems include water and sewer systems, communication
networks, medical facilities, electricity, police and fire protection and
roads.
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Transportation
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Time and Money: This is the critical component
to tourism, the ability to get from Point A to Point B and back, or to Point
C, D, E.... The variables of Time, how long it takes to get to a specific
destination, and Money, how much it costs to get to your destination. Tourism
developments are dependent on the ease of access and types of transportation
available.
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Hospitality
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Hospitality: The community's attitude which
permeates every tourism location that makes the tourist feel welcome and
safe. It is the result of the interaction between the tourist and the local
population.
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Essential Requirements for Tourism
A.
Time, as the hours
for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in work days
or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The
overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to 6-8 three or four
day mini-vacations per year.
B.
Money, the
majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income is money left over after all
monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
C.
Mobility, is the
access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours
required to get to their destination.
D.
Motivation, is the
reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty, education, meet
new people, adventure or stress reduction.
The differences of tourist, traveller, and visitor
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TOURIST
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TRAVELLER
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VISITOR
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A
tourist is a visitor who spends at least a night in the country visited
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love to pay attention to
the sights and sounds of the places they are going to.
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travelers are risk takers.
They want to experience more adventures rather than feel safe.
A tourist is a visitor who is motivated to travel put
side his ‘beat area’ for recreation, pleasure, health, study, sports,
business, family and so forth; stays for at least 24 hours at the place of
visit, does not involve in any remunerative activity and in due time returns
to his place of domicile. It implies that all tourists are travellers/
visitors but all travellers/visitors are not tourists. On top of tha\ it is a
fact that all visitors are firstly travellers but the vice-versa may not hold
good.
The Excursionist: An excursionist is different from a
tourist in terms of duration of stay at the destination as his period of stay
at the place of visit is less than 24 hours. However, it is also true that an
excursionist is essentially a traveller and a visitor.
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just come and go from one
place to the other.
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can do lots of other
things during their travels other than visiting tourist attractions or
landmarks.
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A traveller lives every
moment of their trip
The appellation traveller is generic in the sense that
it is relevant to any form of movement of a person irrespective of the
distance travelled i.e., ranging from a small distance of only few kilometers
to an immigrant going for long-haul travel with the purpose of seeking
employment or even to move to the place visited.
That is, the term refers to a person travelling from
place to place without any consideration of his motive, duration of stay, the
remunerative activity involved or not or return to the place of origin.
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A visitor is any person
visiting a country other than in which he has his usual place of residence
and in which he spends less than a year, for any reason other than following
an occupation remunerated from within the country visited
A visitor is also a
traveller who sojourns a place or country ordinarily outside his typical beat
area for non-immigration and non-remunerative purposes, whose movement is of
pro tern nature as finally he comes round again to the place of origin i.e.,
the place from where he at first embarked upon his trip.
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Sources
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1 comments:
A good information you have shared with us,its very informative history about tourism,
Thanks..
Rajasthan tour operator
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